DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LIFTING BASED DAUBECHIES WAVELET TRANSFORMS USING ALGEBRAIC INTEGERS

Over the past few decades, the demand for digital information has increased drastically. This enormous demand poses serious difficulties on the storage and transmission bandwidth of the current technologies. One possible solution to overcome this approach is to compress the amount of information by discarding all the redundancies. In multimedia technology, various lossy compression techniques are used to compress the raw image data to facilitate storage and to fit the transmission bandwidth. In this thesis, we propose a new approach using algebraic integers to reduce the complexity of the Daubechies-4 (D4) and Daubechies-6 (D6) Lifting based Discrete Wavelet Transforms. The resulting architecture is completely integer based, which is free from the round-off error that is caused in floating point calculations. The filter coefficients of the two transforms of Daubechies family are individually converted to integers by multiplying it with value of 2x, where, x is a random value selected at a point where the quantity of losses is negligible. The wavelet coefficients are then quantized using the proposed iterative individual-subband coding algorithm. The proposed coding algorithm is adopted from the well-known Embedded Zerotree Wavelet (EZW) coding. The results obtained from simulation shows that the proposed coding algorithm proves to be much faster than its predecessor, and at the same time, produces good Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) at very low bit rates. Finally, the two proposed transform architectures are implemented on Virtex-E Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to test the hardware cost (in terms of multipliers, adders and registers) and throughput rate. From the synthesis results, we see that the proposed algorithm has low hardware cost and a high throughput rate

Methods for Handling Wastewater and Production Filtration Systems

As in the past, the lack of a reliable supply of potable water is a major problem in both urban and rural communities. The high expense of water treatment is a major factor in why people in many Indian cities drink unfiltered tap water. Water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, typhoid, and others are extremely harmful to human health, and their spread is often caused by drinking contaminated water. One of the most pressing issues today is figuring out where to send all the waste that gets produced, both by homes and by businesses and factories. Water and wastewater can be filtered to remove impurities by passing them through a porous medium. The term "filter media" is used to describe the layer of filter materials used in filtration systems. As part of this effort, a unified filtering unit is designed to purify both potable water and wastewater produced on-site. The multimedia filtering system will be built using a number of different materials, including activated carbon, activated zeolite, and activated alumina. As an added bonus, this project will aid in neutralising acidic water, raising TDS levels in potable water supplies, reducing TDS levels in wastewater, and eliminating organic matter in wastewater. Adsorption is a key mechanism in treating wastewater by removing pollutants

De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing and Analysis of Differential Gene Expression among Various Stages of Tail Regeneration in <i>Hemidactylus flaviviridis</i>

Across the animal kingdom, lizards are the only amniotes capable of regenerating their lost tail through epimorphosis. Of the many reptiles, the northern house gecko, Hemidactylus flaviviridis, is an excellent model system that is used for understanding the mechanism of epimorphic regeneration. A stage-specific transcriptome profile was generated in the current study following an autotomized tail with the HiSeq2500 platform. The reads obtained from de novo sequencing were filtered and high-quality reads were considered for gene ontology (GO) annotation and pathway analysis. Millions of reads were recorded for each stage upon de novo assembly. Up and down-regulated transcripts were categorized for early blastema (EBL), blastema (BL) and differentiation (DF) stages compared to the normal tail (NT) by differential gene expression analysis. The transcripts from developmentally significant pathways such as FGF, Wnt, Shh and TGF-β/BMP were present during tail regeneration. Additionally, differential expression of transcripts was recorded from biological processes, namely inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell migration. Overall, the study reveals the stage-wise transcriptome analysis in conjunction with cellular processes as well as molecular signaling pathways during lizard tail regeneration. The knowledge obtained from the data can be extrapolated to configure regenerative responses in other amniotes, including humans, upon loss of a complex organ

Prospects for magnesium ion batteries:A compreshensive materials review

The current scenario emphasizes strongly on environmentally benign and unassailable energy storage technology for sustainability. Even though several such devices are known, Lithium ion battery (LIB) technology has primarily dominated the field of energy storage. Despite the myriad of well-known advantages of LIBs there remain several performance imitations such as low power density especially at high rates, safety issues due to thermal runway and associated problems, high cost due to resource limitations. Magnesium ion batteries (MIBs) have since emerged as one of the promising battery technologies due to their low cost and environmentally acceptable nature that can potentially pave the way for large grid scale productions. Unlike lithium metal, Mg has a very little tendency to form dendrites that cause eventual short-circuit and concomitant safety issues. MIBs have been reported to possess a volumetric capacity of 3833 mAh cc−1, which is nearly twice the amount for LIBs (2046 mAh cc−1). In addition, the bivalency, abundance, light weight, and chemical stability makes these battery systems very attractive. The target of this review is focused on synthetic methods for the enhancement and subsequent commercialization of MIBs. Herein, a detailed review of chemistry, structure and performance of MIB-based anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, separators and binders is surveyed along with the future perspectives.</p

Nationwide Trends in Hospital Outcomes&nbsp;and Utilization After Lower&nbsp;Limb Revascularization in Patients&nbsp;on Hemodialysis

ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the temporal trends and outcomes of endovascular and surgical revascularization in a large, nationally representative sample of patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis hospitalized for peripheral artery disease (PAD).BackgroundPAD is prevalent among patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis and is associated with&nbsp;significant morbidity and mortality. There is a paucity of information on trends in endovascular and surgical revascularization and post-procedure outcomes in this population.MethodsWe used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2002 to 2012) to identify hemodialysis patients undergoing endovascular or surgical procedures for PAD using diagnostic and procedural codes. We compared trends in amputation, post-procedure complications, mortality, length of stay, and costs between the 2 groups using trend tests and logistic regression.ResultsThere were 77,049 endovascular and 29,556 surgical procedures for PAD in hemodialysis patients. Trend analysis showed that endovascular procedures increased by nearly 3-fold, whereas there was a reciprocal decrease in surgical revascularization. Post-procedure complication rates were relatively stable in persons undergoing endovascular procedures but nearly doubled in those undergoing surgery. Surgery was associated with 1.8 times adjusted odds (95%&nbsp;confidence interval: 1.60 to 2.02) for complications and 1.6 times the adjusted odds for amputations (95% confidence interval: 1.40 to 1.75) but had similar mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 1.05; 95% confidence interval: 0.85 to 1.29) compared with endovascular procedures. Length of stay for endovascular procedures remained stable, whereas a decrease was seen for surgical procedures. Overall costs increased marginally for both procedures.ConclusionsRates of endovascular procedures have increased, whereas those of surgeries have decreased. Surgical revascularization is associated with higher odds of overall complications. Further prospective studies and clinical trials are&nbsp;required to analyze the relationship between the severity of PAD and the revascularization strategy chosen